| Telefol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken in | Papua New Guinea | |||
| Region | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District. | |||
| Ethnicity | Telefol people | |||
| Native speakers | 5,400 (date missing) | |||
| Language family |
Trans–New Guinea
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| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | tlf | |||
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Telefol is a language spoken by the Telefol people in Papua New Guinea, notable for possessing a base-27 numeral system.
Contents |
The Iligimin people also spoke Telefol, but they were defeated by the Telefol proper.[1]
| Phonemic | ɑ | ɑɑ | e | ee | i | ii | o | oo | u | uu | b | d̪ | ɸ | k | kʷ | l | m | n̪ | ŋ | s̪ | t̪ | w | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase | a | aa | e | e | i | ii | o | o | u | ui | b, p | d, g | f | k, g | kw | l | m | n | ng | s | t | w | y |
| Uppercase | A | Aa | E | I | Ii | O | U | Uu | B | D | F | K | Kw | M | N | S | T | W | Y |
Single <e> and <o> represent both their single and long vowels, since they rarely contrast.
/b/ is written <p> pre-consonantally and word-finally.
Single /k/ is written <g> intervocalically, and /kk/ is written <k> intervocalically.
/kd/ and /ŋd/ are written <kg> and <ngg> (since they're pronounced [ɡ] and [ŋɡ] respectively).
Initial /ɡ/ (in loan words) is also written with <g>, e.g. Got 'God'.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | (Glottal) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | (p) b | t̪ d̪ | k kʷ (ɡ) | (ʔ) | ||
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | f | s̪ | (h) | |||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
| Lateral | l |
/ʔ/ and /h/ only appear in a few particles and some exclamations. /p/ and /ɡ/ only appear in a few loans.
| Phoneme(s) | Condition | Allophone |
|---|---|---|
| /b/ | intervocalic | [b~β] |
| syllable-final | [pʰ] | |
| /k/ | intervocalic | [ɣ] |
| /l/ | intervocalic | [ɾ] |
| /kd/ | (everywhere) | [ɡ] |
| /ŋd/ | (everywhere) | [ŋɡ] |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | ɑ ɑː |
There are two contrastive phonemic tones in Telefol, high and low. For example, ùlín 'club' vs. úlìn 'planted'.
/e/ and /eː/, /o/ and /oː/, are nearly in complementary distribution. Also, single /e/ and /o/ don't occur in one-syllable words or in terminal syllables.
Vowel length only contrasts in initial syllables. However, in initial syllables single /u/ and /o/, and /i/ and /e/, don't contrast.
Syllable structure is (C)V(ː)(C).
/l/ does not occur word-initially.
/ŋ/ is allowed in medial, but not word-initial, onsets.[4]
Telefol is a subject–object–verb language.
Telefol has a rich aspectual system.[5] Telefol verbs have "punctiliar" (momentary/completed) and "continuative" stems.[6]
Telefol uses a base-27 counting system. This is mapped onto the body by counting each of the following: the left pinky to the left thumb (1-5); the wrist, lower arm, elbow, upper arm, and shoulder (6-10); the side of the neck, ear, and left eye (11-13); the nose (14); and the right eye to the right pinky (15-27; as for 1-14 but mirrored and in reverse order).[7]
Telefol has dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are present in less than 10 languages and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea. However, they are a salient feature of the Ok languages. Related terms are found in Oksapmin, Mian, and Tifal.[8]